Introduction
Computer-aided design (CAD) software is an indispensable tool for mechanical engineers. CAD programs allow engineers to develop, analyze, and optimize mechanical designs in a virtual environment. With CAD, engineers can quickly create 3D models of parts and assemblies, simulate how the parts will behave under various conditions, and generate detailed engineering drawings for manufacturing. The ability to iterate through multiple design variations and test them out without creating physical prototypes saves massive amounts of time and money when bringing a product to market.
CAD enables engineers to integrate parts from suppliers and collaborators into the 3D model to verify fit and function. The CAD model serves as the central hub for all design data, enabling collaboration between engineering teams and more accurate handoff to manufacturing. CAD also facilitates interfacing with analysis tools, allowing quick transfer of geometry to finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs.
This allows engineers to simulate real-world conditions and fine-tune the design to meet requirements. With its widespread capabilities for design, development and testing, CAD software has become an indispensable tool for every mechanical engineer.
Choosing the Right CAD Software
When choosing a CAD (computer-aided design) software, mechanical engineers must consider their specific design needs and intended applications. The CAD tools you use directly impact your workflow, so take time to evaluate the features you'll need most.
Consider Your Design Applications
What types of products will you be designing? CAD software oriented towards mechanical design typically excels at modeling machinery, consumer products, industrial equipment, and more. Look for tools optimized for these applications.
Some additional specialized CAD applications include:
Architecture and construction
Electrical systems and circuit boards
Civil and plant engineering
Aerospace and automotive design
Select software aligned with your discipline. General mechanical CAD tools may also suit a wide range of applications.
Compare Key Features
These are some of the most important CAD capabilities to evaluate:
3D Modeling - The ability to design, visualize and manipulate complex 3D parts and assemblies is essential. Review available modeling tools like extrudes, sweeps, lofts, shells, assemblies and more.
2D Drafting - While modeling in 3D, you still need 2D drawings for documentation. Look for automated drawing views, dimensions, annotations and detailing tools.
Rendering - Photorealistic renderings let you showcase your designs with accurate materials, lighting and environments. Advanced rendering can require high-end graphic cards.
Simulation - Running simulations within CAD allows for virtual testing of factors like stress, fluid flow, motion physics and more. This reduces costly physical prototyping.
Data Exchange - Converting between different CAD file formats ensures compatibility with clients and collaborators. Look for import/export options.
Prioritize the features that align with your typical design process and product development needs. Avoid overpaying for unused tools and capabilities
Compare Licensing Options
When comparing pricing, consider:
Perpetual License: One-time upfront payment, software is permanently owned.
Subscription: Pay monthly or yearly, software access expires if you stop paying.
Cloud/Desktop: Cloud-based options have lower system requirements. Desktop versions perform better for intensive 3D.
Student Versions: Discounted options for students and educators.
Weight the pros and cons of each approach for your budget and needs. Perpetual licenses have higher upfront costs but allow long term access after purchase. Subscriptions provide continuous access to the latest features and upgrades.
With an understanding of your design priorities and CAD software options, you can make an informed selection best suited for your mechanical engineering work. Leverage free trials when possible to test different tools hands-on before purchasing.
Top 3D CAD Programs
SolidWorks
SolidWorks is one of the most popular 3D CAD programs used by mechanical engineers today. It strikes a balance of being easy to use yet full-featured enough for complex mechanical design. SolidWorks employs a parametric feature-based approach to modeling, making it simple to go back and edit sketches to update downstream model geometry. It supports industry-leading simulation and motion analysis to test product performance. As one of the most affordable "professional" CAD packages on the market, SolidWorks has become ubiquitous in manufacturing, with over 2 million active users worldwide. The intuitive interface and wide range of online training resources lowers the learning curve for new users.
Siemens NX
Siemens NX, formerly known as Unigraphics, is a high-end CAD/CAM/CAE software suite used widely in the automotive, aerospace, machinery and other complex manufacturing industries. It offers advanced capabilities for 3D modeling, engineering simulations, tool design, and manufacturing process documentation. Siemens NX is highly customizable, allowing engineers to build design templates and automate repetitive tasks through recorded macros. The synchronous technology feature allows users to quickly edit 3D models without needing to fully recreate the geometry from scratch. Siemens NX sees widespread use in major corporations thanks to its enterprise-level scalability, security features, and integration with PLM systems like Teamcenter. The extensive toolset does come with a steeper learning curve compared to more mainstream options like SolidWorks.
Dassault CATIA
CATIA by Dassault Systèmes is another high-end CAD/CAM/CAE software targeted at the aerospace and automotive sectors. It offers leading edge capabilities for designing complex curved surfaces and offers a full suite of tools for analysis, manufacturing, and PLM integration. CATIA enables enhanced collaboration through its ENOVIA system and boasts specialized industry solutions for areas like composite materials design and electrical systems engineering. Many major aircraft and luxury automakers rely on CATIA for smooth product development workflows. The extensive capabilities do require a larger time investment to learn compared to entry-level CAD software. CATIA also carries higher licensing costs, though this can be worthwhile for companies designing complex, high-performance products.
Autodesk Fusion 360
Autodesk Fusion 360 is a cloud-based CAD/CAM tool aimed at product design teams, engineers, hobbyists and entrepreneurs. It combines organic surface modeling and solid modeling into one unified design environment. Fusion 360 also includes simulation, rendering, animation, and manufacturing tools for CNC and 3D printing. The software runs on an affordable monthly subscription, making it accessible to startups, students, and freelance designers. Fusion 360 utilizes the power of cloud computing, enabling easy collaboration and working with very large assembly files. The user interface adopts a more simplified approach compared to high-end CAD platforms. This makes Fusion 360 easier to pick up for those without a traditional engineering background.
Converting 3D Scans to CAD Models
Converting raw scan data into usable 3D CAD models requires specialized software tools and techniques. Here are the key steps for processing scans and bringing them into your CAD workflow:
Processing Scans with Dedicated Software
The first step is to process and clean up the raw scan data using scanning software like Artec Studio or Geomagic Design X. These programs can handle large sets of point cloud data and allow you to align multiple scans into a complete model. They also have tools to reduce noise, fill holes, smooth surfaces, and optimize the polygon mesh. This prepares the scan for import into CAD software.
Importing Scans into CAD
Once your scan data is processed, you can bring it into your CAD platform. Many CAD programs have dedicated scan-to-CAD features, like Geomagic for SOLIDWORKS or Inventor. These tools allow you to directly import scan data and convert it into solid and surface geometry within the CAD environment. This streamlines the process of turning scans into workable 3D models.
Editing and Finalizing the CAD Model
Inside your CAD software, you can now use modeling tools to refine the scan surface, repair any remaining flaws, and convert the surfaces into high quality solid parts. CAD enables you to smoothly fill holes, trim away overlapping sections, sculpt complex curvature, and add critical design features missing from the scan. The end result is a pristine 3D CAD model ready for simulation, prototyping, and manufacturing. With the right scanning and CAD software, engineers can efficiently incorporate 3D scans into their design workflow.
Essential CAD Skills to Master
Mastering CAD software takes time and practice, but learning a few key skills can greatly boost a mechanical engineer's effectiveness. Here are some of the most essential CAD skills every engineer should focus on developing:
3D Modeling
The ability to quickly create 3D parts and assemblies is a fundamental CAD skill. Mechanical engineers need to be able to sketch 2D profiles, extrude them into 3D features, add holes, fillets, chamfers, draft angles and more. Assembling multiple parts together into a single product is also a critical skill for collaborating on larger designs.
Simulations
Modern CAD tools incorporate powerful simulation capabilities like finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and more. Running simulations on 3D CAD models allows engineers to digitally test product designs under real-world conditions, optimizing the design and reducing the need for physical prototypes.
Photo-Realistic Rendering
Rendering software built into CAD tools generates photorealistic images and animations for visually validating designs before manufacturing. Renderings allow stakeholders to interact with 3D models in an intuitive way and provide marketing teams visual content.
Collaborative Design
Working concurrently on a shared CAD model with other engineers requires specialized workflows. Using product data management (PDM) and configuration control, engineers can coordinate changes across large assemblies while minimizing conflicts.
Interoperability
Since companies use various CAD platforms, engineers must be able to convert CAD files between different formats like STEP, IGES, ParaSOLID, SAT, etc. Maintaining design intent when exporting models is key.
Complementary Tools
Mechanical engineers today have an amazing array of complementary tools and technologies available to enhance their CAD workflows. Here are some of the most important ones to know:
3D Printers
3D printers allow engineers to quickly prototype parts and assemblies designed in CAD software. Having an in-house 3D printer lets you iteratively test fit and form and spot potential design flaws early on. Popular affordable brands include Ultimaker, Prusa and Creality. Industrial 3D printers from Stratasys and 3D Systems offer higher resolutions and larger build volumes.
CMMs
Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are used together with CAD to precisely measure manufactured parts for quality control and inspection. A probe slides along the CMM and takes thousands of measurements, which are compared to the original CAD model to ensure accuracy. Leading CMM brands include Hexagon, Nikon and LK Metrology.
Laser Cutters
Laser cutters use a high-power laser to precisely cut, engrave and etch designs from sheets of material like wood, acrylic, paper and some metals. This allows rapid prototyping of 2D designs prepared in CAD software. Common brands include Epilog, Trotec and Universal Laser Systems.
FEA Software
Finite element analysis (FEA) software helps simulate how designs will react under different loads and stresses. This allows “virtual testing” prior to manufacturing. Popular FEA tools used with CAD include SolidWorks Simulation, ANSYS, ABAQUS and Altair HyperWorks.
Programming Languages
Learning programming allows CAD users to automate repetitive tasks, customize the interface, conduct simulations and extract design data. Useful languages include MATLAB for math and analysis, Python for automation, C++ for developing custom CAD plugins and VBA for macro programming.
Certifications
CAD software certifications validate an engineer's specialized skills and expertise. Pursuing a certification also helps engineers stay current with the latest software capabilities as they prepare for the exams.
Some of the most recognized CAD certifications include:
Certified SOLIDWORKS Professional
Offered directly by Dassault Systèmes, this exam tests a range of abilities from basic SOLIDWORKS tools to advanced surfacing concepts. Engineers must pass six certification exams on topics like Parts, Assemblies, Drawings and Surfacing.
Siemens Certified Professional
Siemens provides role-based certification tracks for NX CAD software including Designer, Simulator and Manufacturing. Each exam focuses on specific disciplines like shipbuilding, aerospace, and automotive design.
CATIA Certified Professional Engineer
Administered by Dassault Systems, the CCPE validates expertise in CATIA for tasks like digital mockup, electrical systems, and composites design. The comprehensive exam covers the breadth of CATIA modules.
Autodesk Certified Professional
Autodesk offers certification exams for most of its software including AutoCAD, Inventor and Revit. Each test evaluates real-world technical abilities as well as conceptual knowledge.
Pursuing a leading CAD certification signals commitment and competence. While optional, certification can provide a competitive edge for mechanical engineers.
Getting CAD Experience
CAD software experience is crucial for mechanical engineering students and professionals. Here are some of the best ways to gain hands-on CAD skills:
Student Licenses and Versions
Most CAD software companies offer free or discounted licenses for students. Autodesk, for example, provides free educational access to programs like AutoCAD, Fusion 360, and more. SolidWorks and Onshape also have free options for students to get started. These allow you to gain experience with the actual CAD tools used in industry.
Internships at Engineering Firms
Look for summer internships or co-ops at companies that use CAD software. This will provide an opportunity to work alongside experienced engineers and get first-hand training on CAD programs. Internships also allow you to add CAD project examples to your portfolio.
Personal Projects
Practice your CAD skills by taking on personal design projects. For example, use CAD to model and fabricate custom parts for machines, devices, or other hobbies. Having project examples showcases your abilities better than just coursework. GitHub is a good platform to share and document your CAD projects.
Online Tutorials and Courses
Self-paced online tutorials are a flexible way to build CAD skills. Sites like Udemy, Coursera, LinkedIn Learning, and Edx offer CAD courses at various skill levels. Look for tutorials specific to the exact CAD software you want to learn. YouTube channels like TheSketchMonkey also offer great free CAD tutorials.
Gaining CAD experience early allows you to build proficiency before entering the workforce. Leverage student versions, internships, personal projects, and online learning to become an expert CAD user as a mechanical engineering student or recent graduate. This hands-on experience will give you a major advantage in your engineering career.
CAD Software Trends
CAD software continues to evolve with new technologies and design approaches. Here are some of the key trends shaping the future of CAD tools:
Cloud-Based and Mobile Access
Many CAD platforms are moving to the cloud and developing robust mobile apps. Cloud-based CAD allows for easier collaboration across locations. Mobile access enables designers to view and make edits on the go. Leading platforms like Autodesk Fusion 360 and Onshape are built on the cloud from the start. Major desktop CAD companies like SolidWorks and Siemens NX also offer cloud collaboration features. Expect more CAD tools to embrace the cloud for connectivity.
Generative Design and Optimization
Generative design uses algorithms to rapidly explore design permutations. Engineers define parameters like materials, loads, and constraints. The software generates multiple design options optimized to meet desired goals. This allows engineers to explore a wider range of innovative concepts. SOLIDWORKS and Autodesk are integrating generative tools into their CAD platforms.
VR/AR Integration
Virtual reality and augmented reality are finding their way into CAD software. VR allows engineers to truly visualize and interact with 3D models at scale. AR overlays digital data onto real-world environments for contextual analysis. ANSYS, Dassault, Unity, and others are developing VR/AR tools to complement CAD. These immersive technologies enhance the design process.
AI-Driven Tools
Artificial intelligence is automating some CAD tasks and providing intelligent assistance. AI can help with model cleanup, converting 2D drawings to 3D, analyzing simulation results, identifying design errors, and more. AI also enables voice commands, contextual help, and better UIs. As AI improves, expect smarter CAD tools that amplify engineers' capabilities.
Career Opportunities
Proficiency with CAD software opens the door to many attractive career opportunities for mechanical engineers. Here are some of the top jobs that leverage CAD skills:
CAD Designers, Drafters and Modelers
These professionals use CAD software on a daily basis to turn designs and concepts into technical drawings and 3D models. Drafters focus on creating 2D drawings while designers develop 3D CAD models and assemblies. Strong CAD skills are absolutely critical for these roles.
3D Scanning and Printing Technicians
With the growth of 3D scanning and printing, technicians who can operate these devices and work with the 3D data files are in demand. Knowledge of CAD data formats like STL along with experience preparing and optimizing 3D models makes CAD skills very applicable.
Engineering Analysts
Analysts often need to work with CAD models and drawings to perform simulations, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics and other tests. CAD proficiency allows gathering insights from digital prototypes.
Technical Sales and Marketing
CAD expertise enables sales engineers and technical marketing professionals to better understand customer needs and communicate design intent. Interacting with CAD data is key for these customer-facing roles.
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